Welcome - Index/Site Map/Acronyms - Non-English - Tourism - Official/Gov - Transport - Economy/Living/Working - Culture - History - Society - Science/Weather - Activities - Media/Voices -Islands/Misc - FAQ - Internal | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
HISTORY
Overview, Articles
Misc. topics: Columbus,
HMBS Flamingo, WW I/II
History of a
particular
island, Ancient history (Lucayans, Caribs, Arawaks, Tainos), National
Archives
etc.,
Bahamians in Florida,
Caribbean History
Historical Personalities:
Governors and other former politicians, Party history, famous people
with
Bahamian roots
Piracy
Slavery, Segregation etc.
Overview, articles etc. |
"Most Bahamians in my generation were never
taught Bahamian history in schools" Gail Saunders,source
Gail Saunders is Director of Archives at the
Department of Archives and author of several books and articles on
aspects
of Bahamian History.
See
also:
-
Museums
-
Books
- cultural events
- historical
photos, postcards etc.
- historical
industries
- society (Bahamian
identity - Asue -
- Bahamas
Genealogy
Bahamas
history, overviews
!! encarta
africana Bahamas History http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_911.asp
LOC
countrystudies.us
(dated?), Bahamas http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/116.htm
!! Timeline/Chronology
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bahamas.html
Fodors Invasions "Colonial and Tourist
Invasions in the Wake of Columbus " Fodors
Miniguide (9.2002)
History - as taught at Bahamian schools (course outline of Queen's college) http://www.qchenceforth.com/history.htm
historytoday.com,
"Tek Force Wid Force", Paul Shirley describes the freedom
struggles
of African Americans in the Bahamas after the American War of
Independence
(loyalists & planters e.g. William Wylly, up and down of cotton
industry,
marroonage, Governors John Maxwell and Lord Dunmore, Grand Jury)
XX 22.4.04
Struth! now only excerpt
available, rest against fee. Check
later if article gets available again, maybe from another source.
Misc. topics: Columbus - HMBS Flamingo - WW I / WW II |
! Hale, Edward Everett (1822-1909), about "...where Columbus first touched land." > Appendix A
MillersVille
Uni - Columbus and the Age of Discovery, large database http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus
e.g. "Index of Articles"
MillersVille
Uni - Search result for "Bahamas" http://www.google.ch/search?hl=de&ie=UTF-8&as_qdr=all&q=bahamas+site%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fmuweb.millersville.edu&meta=
Wikipedia
Christoper
Columbus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
Wikipedia
- which island is Columbus' "Guanahani"? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanahani
Christopher
Columbus: first cruising guide to the Bahamas in 1492 http://www.pelicanpower.com/Columbus/index.htm
and other texts
Just where
was Columbus? (http://www.infoplease.com)
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/columbus.html
Columbus
Navigation
Page, 1st voyage 1492-93 http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v1.htm
MSN Encarta,
Columbus http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568472/Columbus_Christopher.html
Enchanted
History - Juan Ponce de Leon http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/d/deleon.shtml
Enchanted
History - Christopher Columbus http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/columbus.shtml
+++Article Sept. 1992 "Man's Best Came
With Columbus", Michael S. Berliner The
Intellectual Activist
Windward Passage
The Windward Passage is a strait in the Caribbean Sea, between the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola (Haiti/Dom Rep). (Windward/Leeward Islands see here: http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzwindward.htm |
12th October - Bahamian Public Holiday: National Heroes Day / Discovery Day, US Columbus Day
Wikipedia "Columbus Day", celebration vs opposition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Day
+++Articles
11.10.02 "Good bye Columbus" Nassau
Guardian
12.10.03 "National Heroes Day celebrated" Nassau
Guardian
12.10.04
"Putting
The Bahamas on the Map" Nassau
Guardian (+local save)
HMBS Flamingo
+++Articles:
10.05.04 "Sunk HMBS Flamingo 24th anniversary
observed today" Nassau
Guardian
11.05.04 "Defence Force remembers flamingo
victims"
Nassau
Guardian
...It was in this role that HMBS
Flamingo, at
the time under the command of Lt. Commander Amos Rolle, attempted to
arrest
on May 10, 1980, two Cuban fishing vessels, the Ferrocem 165 and the
Ferrocem
54. In retaliation, two Cuban aircraft invaded Bahamas airspace
and
fired on the patrol boat. The Cubans sank HMBS Flamingo and fired
upon marines in distress in the water (Duncan 1980; Smith 1980). original-rtf-source
see also http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/EqMiG21a.html and here (Spanish only) which mention also 1st similar incident on 18.5.1970 |
WW I / WW II - Bahamian
soldiers
see also RBDF
The British West Indies Regiment (1st World
War)
- 441 Bahamians served according to list http://website.lineone.net/~bwir/bwi_regt.htm
XX ? 2nd World War
see also Nassau Guardian article about "The
contract"
see also here regarding "Burma Road"
History of a particular island |
see above for overviews
Abaco
The Abaco Lighthouse http://www.go-abacos.com/news/whatson/whatson_lighth.html
Castaway Island
née
Gorda Cay
Outside Away Magazine, Jan 1999 - "Blackbeard
Doesn't Come Here Anymore" http://outside.away.com/magazine/0199/9901blackbeard.html
Abaco Journal, Sept 1998 "Abaconians tour Disney
Magic and Castaway Isl" http://oii.net/Journal/sep98/ABACONIANS_TOUR.shtml
Buzzy (story about a manatee, DEA etc.) by Jack
Lagan (2000) http://www.offmsg.connectfree.co.uk/travel/buzzy.htm
+++Articles:
07.12.97 Green Turtle Historical Preservation
Efforts (Abaco) http://www.go-abacos.com/news/histpres.html
14.09.04 "The 'Abaco Adventurers'" Nassau
Guardian
Andros
HG Christie History of Andros http://www.hgchristie.com/Bahamas_Info/andros_info.asp
Small Hope Lodge history http://smallhope.com/History.html
see also Books
- Howard Rosalyn, Black Seminoles in the Bahamas
Discovery Channel "The Wee-wee legend", about
the chickcharnie and history of Forfar station on Andros http://www.discovery.com/exp/coralreef/prev_today3.html
Bimini
History of Bimini by Michael Checkley, Director
of the Museum of Bimini) http://home.att.net/~bimini-museum/history.html
or via http://www.bimini-museum.org
see also Bimini
archaeology
Cat
Island
Bahamas.gov http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb/aboutbahamas.nsf/0/403ebea13d01d61a06256a8700785cff?OpenDocument
Bahamasreport a little bit about history http://www.thebahamasreport.com/public/168.cfm
geographia about Cat Isl history http://www.geographia.com/bahamas/bsciin01.htm
Eleuthera
/ Harbour Island
Eleuthera
History http://www.briland.com/topmenu/hist.html
and http://www.eleu.net/eleuthera.html
Governors Harbour History http://www.bahama-vacation.com/governors_harbour.html
- !
follow
links to other towns and their history
"The Articles and Orders of the Eleutherian
Adventurers
(1647)" http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/1647_articles.htm
Bo Hengy - a Harbour Island Legend (Brother
Henry,
Henry Sawyer) http://www.bahamasferries.com/hangy.html
Exuma
History on Peace and Plenty Resorts website http://www.peaceandplenty.com/en/history.html
History on exumabahamas.com http://www.exumabahamas.com/
Grand
Bahama
!! Grand
Bahama History (Jim Baker) http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/History.htm
"The Scandal in the
Bahamas."
(1967), Oulahan Richard and Lambert William http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/oulaha2.htm
+++Articles
20.09.04 "The dark side of Sir Stafford Lofthouse
Sands" Nassau
Guardian (+local save)
21.09.04 "Sir Stafford Sands - a resume" Nassau
Guardian (+local save)
New Providence - Nassau & Paradise Island
! Jim Baker's
website
Nassau/PI on-line
version of "Nassau...The Sanitorium of the Western Hemisphere"
(Murray
Ferris & Co.1877) http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/Murray-Ferris2.pdf
General Description of the City of Nassau &c.
ca. 1870 http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/bahamas1870.pdf
Church, William. "A Midwinter Resort" (Century
Magazine, February, 1887) http://www.jabezcorner.com/william-c-church.pdf
+++Article
05.10.04 "Why Nassau is Nassau" Nassau
Guardian (+local save)
08.11.04 "The other Marsh Harbour – a
personal
journey back in time" Freeport
News - (+local save)
16.02.05 "The historical
development of "the City of Nassau" By D. Gail Saunders Part I-III Nassau
Guardian (+local save)
... more about Paradise Island
History of Paradise Island http://www.flychalks.com/Paradise.htm
(late) History of Paradise Island see
here
see also here for
Hartfort
(especially in 2nd part of document)
A lot of (or rather most) information about history of San Salvador can be found in historical resources about Columbus (see above), but see also Archaeology and Ancient history (below).
GERACE - history http://www.geraceresearchcenter.com/sansalvador.htm
Carleton College - history overview http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/GEOL/RelatedPrograms/bahamas/info/overview.html
Ancient history (Lucayans, Arawaks, Caribs, Tainos) |
Bregenzer, extract from dissertation 1976
""Tryin'
to Make It: Adapting to the Bahamas." http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/JB-TRYIN.ART
Aarons George A. 1990 "The Lucayans: The
People Whom Columbus Discovered in the Bahamas" http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/ant/AARONS01.ANT
see here for more
articles
Jayikislak Foundation, especially:
Native
Peoples of the Caribbean... (from lithic > archaic >
ceramic-making
cultures to Taino, Islands Caribs etc.)
see also Florida history
re Tainos
!! Kacike,
Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology (texts and
links)
http://www.kacike.org/List.html
(e.g. search for Bahamas)
The Siboney Indians (earliest settlers of Grand
Bahama, superceded by the Lucayans) http://www.interknowledge.com/grandbahama/gbhistory01.htm
African Americans in Florida and the Caribbean
1763 - today http://www.jayikislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/parker1.htm
Caribbean Spotlight, Arawaks & Caribs (short)
http://www.caribbean-spotlight.com/arawak.html
National Archives & Historical Society / Other sources for information |
"Because of the absence of a National Museum system, the Department of Archives was designated in the early 1980s as the organization in charge of The Bahamas’ material heritage, historic buildings and sites, and archaeology." source |
Bahamas
National Archives, DOA Bahamas Department of Archives http://www.bahamasnationalarchives.bs/index.html
Bahamas National Archives - a brief history http://web.wm.edu/oieahc/Uncommon/117/Bahamas.htm
ACARM Newsletter (2003) "Memory in Diasporic
Communities"
by Gail Saunders http://www.acarm.org/documents/issue33/Saunders.pdf
(more from Gail Saunders see books
and National Archives)
ACARM Newsletter (2003) "Looking
back - looking forward, a brief overview of the mission and vision of
the
Bahamas National Archives" http://www.acarm.org/documents/issue33/Williams.pdf
XX 03.05.04
under construction, only index-page so far AMMC
Antiquities, Monuments, & Museums Corporation (National Museum of
the
Bahamas) http://www.antiquitiescorp.com/
Bahamas
Historical
Society http://www.bahamas.net.bs/history/
History Guide - resources for historians http://www.historyguide.org/resources.html
Other sources for
information
Interknowledge
(Geographia): Prehistory - Pirates - Independence
http://www.interknowledge.com/bahamas/bahistory.htm
1911 encyclopedia (OCR) http://74.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BAHAMAS.htm
Mel Fisher
Heritage Society, Ship Wrecks (St John), the last slave ship Henrietta
Mare
http://www.melfisher.org/
The History
of Saint Augustine's Monastery http://www.sja.osb.org/saugustine/history.html
British
Colonies: How They Started and Where They Are Now / Bahamas Timeline http://www.usd.edu/honors/HWB/hwb_c/lauren.htm
History
Channel
Bahamas results http://www.thehistorychannel.com/cgi-bin/frameit2.cgi?p=%2Fperl%2Fsearch.pl&word=bahamas
NARA US
National
Archives and Records Administration http://www.archives.gov/welcome/index.html
Bahamians in Florida, Florida history |
Uni of Florida - Center for African Studies,
Links
etc. http://web.africa.ufl.edu/index.html
First settlements of free blacks, Fort
St Augustine and here
- Fort Mose -
Essay
jayikislakfoundation.org - Essay "The
Bahamian
Influence on the South Florida Shotgun House"
Bahamian influence in Coconut Grove, Miami http://www.magazineusa.com/cityguide/fl_mia/c_coconut_grove.asp
- http://www.coconutgrove.com/CoconutGroveBrochure.pdf
Bahamians work for Henry Flagler
(1890s, Railway, Hotels)
Oral history - Overtown (Miami' Coloured Town)
http://www.library.miami.edu/archives/ohp/Overtown/Index.html
- Chronology
+++Article (11.1997) "Blacks in Blue" http://www.miaminewtimes.com/issues/1997-11-13/feature.html
(extract of above article) Although authorized to arrest only blacks, the patrolmen could detain whites until white officers came to make the official arrests. It was an opportunity Kimble says he relished. "If I caught a white guy after 2:00 a.m., boom, I would arrest him, put the cuffs on him, and pin him to the telegraph post," he says. "I'd call downtown and tell them, 'We got a white guy in the red-light district.' See, but he'd have to wait two hours before they got to him, at which point he'd be robbed 90 times and be scared to death he was going to get killed." |
St Agnes' Episcopal Church, Miami http://www.historicpreservationmiami.com/pdfs/stagneschurch.pdf
Father John E. Culmer http://www.floridacdc.org/members/overtown/culmer2.htm
- St
James in Tampa - St.
Augustine in St Petersburg
Florida Keys http://www.keyshistory.org/
- Early Settlements
& Bahamas History
!! Exploring
the Cultural Legacies of Florida and the Caribbean (Exhibition 99-02, Essays
etc.) http://www.jayikislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/home1.htm
see also Key West
Conchs
!! Floripedia
- collection of articles about Florida and Florida history http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/docs.htm
Taino Timucua people of Florida http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Timucua/index.html
History of the Tekesta People of South Bimini
(Florida) http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Tekesta/history.html
( )
Bimini, the Taino name for Florida
Ponce de León, Juan / (1460--1521), Spanish explorer, who founded the oldest settlement in Puerto Rico and discovered the present-day state of Florida. Born in Tierra de Campos Palencia, Ponce de León conquered the island of Boriquen (Puerto Rico) in 1508 and served as its governor (1509-12). In 1512, he obtained permission from the Spanish king to find, conquer, and colonize a legendary island called Bimini. He landed on what he believed to be Bimini in April 1513 and named the region Florida. After rounding Key West and sailing up the west coast, he returned to Puerto Rico. In 1513 he discovered Florida, and in 1521 Ponce de León set out to colonize Florida. With two vessels, 200 men, 50 horses and other domestic animals, and farm implements, he sailed for Florida. He landed on its west coast, where his party was attacked by Native Americans. Severely wounded by an arrow, Ponce de León withdrew to Cuba, where he soon died. http://welcome.topuertorico.org/glossary/index.shtml |
The Caribbean and the neighbour countries |
Haitian History Prof
B.
Corbett http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/history.htm
Treco Ria N. M., The Haitian Diaspora in the
Bahamas (2002) fiu
Florida Int. Uni
see also Article
08.11.04 "Nassau experts advise humanitarian approach to addressing
The Mud and Pigeon Pea issue" and various articles about situation on
Abaco
after hurricanes Sept/Oct 2004
Hispaniola - Dominican Republic history http://www.hispaniola.com/DR/Guides/History.html
! Bermudas
History
http://www.bermuda-online.org/history.htm
! Turks &
Caicos Museum http://www.tcmuseum.org/
! see
also here (study made in 1987) Caribbean
Islands, a country study > search for Bahamas
The Caribbean
(1492-1800) (short summary) http://www.zum.de/whkmla/period/absolut/Carib1518.html
WHKMLA Central
America 20th Century http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/xcamerica.html
Historical Personalities |
see also politics/parties
Blacks in Bahamian Politics - In a nutshell
While the Bahamas were 80 percent to 85
percent
black long before the middle of the 20th century, they were still
governed
by the same small group of white elites who had always been in power.
This
group of politicians was nicknamed the Bay Street Boys. The
islands'
political districts were drawn in such a way that white voters were
represented
in disproportionately large numbers, but it was also true that black
Bahamians
had never organized a viable political challenge to the existing
leadership.
This changed in 1953 with the formation of the Progressive
Liberal
Party (PLP). Lynden Pindling, a London-educated lawyer,
quickly
became the party's first leader, and in 1956 the PLP won six seats in
the
House of Assembly. That same year, with the PLP's influence, the
assembly
passed an Anti-Discrimination Resolution forbidding segregation in
public
places — a major step forward in the Bahamian political struggle,
and the
first mark of the PLP's influence. 1958 general strike
that
shut down the entire tourist industry for 19 days. The PLP had
supported
the strike, and the effort was a powerful sign to black Bahamians of
just
how much power they could hold. The passage of the law granting women
the
right to vote in 1961 gave blacks even more hope as the size of
their electorate doubled. But when the next general election was held
in
1962, even though the PLP won 44 percent of the vote, it won only 8 of
the 33 available seats as a result of the unfair districting. It became
clearer than ever that the time for equal representation for black
Bahamians
was long overdue. The issue reached a dramatic crescendo on Black
Tuesday—April
27, 1965. On that day, a debate on the redistricting question
in
the House of Assembly had again ended with white representatives
stating
that they were unwilling to consider reapportioning the seats fairly.
Pindling,
by then one of the PLP's assembly members, rose at the end of the
debate
to state that he did not want to be part of a government that did not
represent
its people fairly. Declaring that the true authority belonged outside
with
the people, Pindling took the wooden mace that had been the symbol of
parliamentary
authority in the Bahamas for 165 years and threw it out the window,
where
it broke in half in the middle of the crowd that had gathered outside.
The act was predictably met with shock and charges of blasphemy by
white
assembly members, but the drama reflected the changing tide in Bahamian
politics. Two years later a new redistricting act was finally approved,
and when the PLP finally won a majority in the April 1967 general
election,
Pindling became the country's first black prime minister. In a general
election held in September 1972, Bahamians voted to support a petition
for independence, and in May and June 1973 the British House of
Commons and House of Lords, respectively, voted to accept it. On July
10,
1973, the Bahamas became an independent country. (source: encarta
africana)
Black
Tuesday
27.4.1965 (PLP document) http://www.progressiveliberalparty.com/download/PLP_history_blacktuesday.pdf
"Bay Street Boys" |
Various historical
personalities
XX !!!
BNA
Bahamas (historical) personalities http://www.bahamasnationalarchives.bs/EducationalResources.htm
under construction, so far all available 31 (short) biographies
(not only about educators) are listed under "Educators"
Early Governors & politicians
+++Articles
20.07.04 "Woodes Rogers and the pirates of
Nassau"
Nassau
Guardian
25.10.04 "An historical overview of the role
of governors in the Parliament" Nassau
Guardian/Freeport News (+local save)
Woodes Rogers,
Governor
Bahamas 17th Century
http://home.earthlink.net/~artrogers/Woodes.htm
Dillet StephenA. (free black, MP, around 1850)
http://www.planetware.com/sites/BAH/NE/NSDTMBH.HTM
and http://www.rbpf.org/formation_of_bahamaas_police_force.htm
Former Prime Ministers
Roland Symonette past (UBP) Prime Minister
1964-1967
Sir Lynden Pindling, past (PLP) Prime Minister
1967-1992, http://www.progressiveliberalparty.com/people_pindling.lasso
Life and Legacy of Sir Lynden Oscar Pindling,
by George W Mackey http://www.fredmitchelluncensored.com/George_Mackey_Lecture.html
From Burma Road to
August 19, 1992, by George
W Mackey http://www.fredmitchelluncensored.com/Mackey_LOP_Lecture.htm
Hubert A. Ingraham (FNM, exPLP), past Prime
Minister
1992-2002 FNM
website freenationalmovement.org
Other politicians
Fawkes Randol
(PLP)
http://bahlibs.org/n/april03/7/origins_of_the_plp.htm
Johnson Dame
Dr. Doris http://www.progressiveliberalparty.com/download/PLP_history_suffrage.pdf
McWeeney Sean, AG 1989-92 http://www.grahamthompson.com/smcweeney.lasso?alt=print
more politicians (without links so far): Alfred Francis Adderley (PLP), Milo Butler (see article), Clarence Bain, Arthur Foulkes, Garnet Levarity, Mary Ingraham, Kendal G. L. Isaacs, Arthur D. Hanna, Eugenie Lockhart, Cyril Stevenson, Jeffrey Thompson, Cecil Wallace Whitfield
List of
previous
Governor Generals http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/BahamasWeb/aboutthegovernment.nsf/Subjects/Previous+Governor+Generals
! Timeline/Chronology
(Governors, chiefs, PMs etc) http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bahamas.html
Party History
(short) Political Party History http://www.thebahamasguide.com/society/
Historical political parties: "The Afro Bahamian
League" (1880s), "The Ballot Box Party" (1920s) - reference: Nassau
Guardian
Famous
people with Bahamian roots (for artists see here)
James Weldon
(William) Johnson (Bahamian roots) http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/johnson/life.htm
and http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/amlit/johnson/johnson1.html
- and http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_810.asp
W. E. B.
DuBois
(Bahamian roots) http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/DuBois/DUBOISP1.HTMLand
http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/DuBois/
and http://afgen.com/dubois2.html
- WEB > William Edward Burghardt Du Bois / "His great-great
grandfather
from his father's side, Dr James Du Bois was a white plantation owner
in
the Bahamas" source
Dr. J. Robert
Love (Bahamian, mentor to Marcus Garvey) Joshua Cockburn (Bahamian,
captain
of Garvey's Yarmouth, Black Star Line) http://www.marcusgarveylibrary.org.uk/biography1.htmandhttp://www.marcusgarvey.com/and
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/peopleevents/e_blackstar.html
Piracy (late 1600s to the early 1700s ) |
Geographia,
Pirates in the Bahamas http://www.geographia.com/bahamas/pirates01.htm
see also Woodes Rogers,
Governor Bahamas 17th Century
1911 encyclopedia (OCR) http://14.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PI/PIRATE_AND_PIRACY.htm
! Article
by Ben Lowe (FAU) "Early Modern English Pirates" myths versus
historical
truth http://www.jayikislakfoundation.org/collections_articles.html
> click on Henry Morgan picture
History, biographies, legends (Krzysztof
Wilczynski
) http://www.piratesinfo.com/
Blackbeard (North Carolina Maritime Museum) http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/maritime/blackbeard/
- and http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/blackbea.cfm
Pirates of the Whydah, National Geographic May
1999
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/whydah/story.html
- and http://www.nationalgeographic.com/whydah/main.html
Exhibition:
The Pirate Legacy of the Spanish Main incl. !
Glossary
http://www.mdpls.org/virtual/index.htm
Piracy in the Caribbean (Autengruber LMU,
interesting
details, ignore typos...) http://www.stud.uni-muenchen.de/~christian.autengruber/piracy-thesenblatt.pdf
Early Modern English Pirates: More than Treasure
Maps and Pixie Dust http://www.jayikislakfoundation.org/exhibitions.html
> Article by Benno P Lowe
caribbeantales - a lot of information about ships
and crews in the Caribbean http://www.angelfire.com/realm3/caribbeantales/ships.html
Pirate Flags, some information, shop and links to more
background info about pirates http://www.gettysburgflag.com/FamousPirateFlags
! Pirate Dentistry - even their teeth were
bad...
https://www.adc-fl.com/pirate-dentistry/ (thanks
to Beverly for the link! May2019)
Corsair > Korsar: Pirate, especially : a privateer of the Barbary Coast of North Africa (European crusaders named their Muslim enemies “Barbary Corsairs”).Buccaneer > Bukanier: French boucanier, any of the freebooters preying on Spanish ships and settlements especially in the West Indies in the 17th century. "Boucan": means barbecue as they were frequently seen barbecuing their meat on grills. They learned this form of cooking from the Arawak Indians > boucan, a grill for the smoking of viande boucanée, or dried meat, for use in ships at sea. Freebooter, Freebooty > Freibeuter, Freibeuterei: Pirate, Plunderer, from Dutch vrijbuiter, from vrijbuit plunder, from vrij free + buit booty Privateer > Freibeuter, Kaperer: an armed private ship licensed to attack enemy shipping; also : a sailor on such a ship Cimaroon (sometimes Maroon): Fugitive African slave in Spanish America, especially Panama and Jamaica. Panamanian cimarrones were key allies in (Francis) Drake's campaign. Filibuster: (Spanish filibustero, literally, freebooter) an irregular military adventurer; specifically : an American engaged in fomenting insurrections in Latin America in the mid-19th century Marauder: to roam about and raid in search of plunder Letters of marque/of reprisal > Kaperbrief (als Repressalie gegen einen anderen Staat): written authority granted to a private person by a government to seize the subjects of a foreign state or their goods; specifically : a license granted to a private person to fit out an armed ship to plunder the enemy Swashbucklers > Säbelrassler Spanish Main the mainland of Spanish America especially along N coast of S. America / the Caribbean Sea & adjacent waters especially at the time when region was infested with pirates Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 divided the world outside of Europe in a exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portugues. The remaining exploring nations of Europe such as France, England, and the Netherlands were explicitly refused access to the new lands, leaving them only options like piracy" Hispaniola: today Haiti/Dominican Republic, in 1493 Christopher Columbus founded the first Spanish colony in the New World on it. Man-of-war: a combatant warship of a recognized navy Jolly Roger: a black flag with a white skull and crossbones formerly used by pirates as their ensign. (definitions mostly from Merriam-Webster and/or Wikipedia) |
Slavery, Segregation etc. |
In a nutshell (because this info was so hard to find...):
The first black Bahamians were free immigrants who arrived when Bermuda decided to banish all of its free blacks, and some of its more "troublesome" slaves, to Eleuthera (around 1656). By 1734 more than a third of Bahamians were black slaves, and another 5 percent were free people of color. The first Bahamian slave laws had been passed in 1723, restricting the mobility and rights of black Bahamians. In the late 1700s the Bahamas became a popular refuge for British Loyalists from the American colonies who chose to flee as the revolution approached. Many of these were Southern slaveholders who brought their slaves with them, and as a result, the black presence in the Bahamas also grew rapidly. By the 1780s blacks formed the majority of the Bahamian population. The abolition of slavery in all British territories in 1834 freed 10,000 black Bahamians. During the period of apprenticeship that lasted until 1838, former slaves were obligated to remain on their former owners' land in return for some form of payment that was agreed to individually. Even after apprenticeship had ended, many black Bahamians chose to remain employed as farmers and fishermen, the occupations most Bahamians had traditionally pursued. (source: encarta africana) |
"Bibliography
of Bahamian Genealogy" http://www2.gsu.edu/~libpjr/bahgen.htm
National
Archives of the Bahamas
"INDEX TO THE SUPREME COURT WILLS 1722 - 1917" http://www.bahamasnationalarchives.bs/Genealogy/Will%20Index/Will_Index_HOME.htm
(March 2008)
"Slave Registers of former British Colonial Dependencies, 1812-1834" http://www.ancestry.co.uk/home/new.aspx?o_iid=31662&o_lid=31662#historicalRecords
We are pleased to announce that the
Slave Registers of Former British Colonial Dependencies, 1812-1834 is now
complete on Ancestry.co.uk, making it the most complete collection of its
kind available online. In total, information pertaining to 17 former
dependencies is available - Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Berbice, Ceylon
(Sri Lanka), Dominica, Grenada, Honduras (Belize), Jamaica, St
Christopher, Nevis, the British Virgin Islands, St Lucia, Trinidad,
Tobago, St Vincent and Mauritius. In all, the names of 2.7 million slaves
and 280,000 slave owners are listed, along with a range of information
such as: * Name of owner * Place of residence * Name of slave (usually only a given name. If the slave had been baptized this may include the slave name and the Christian name) * Gender of slave * Age of slave * Nationality of slave |
"Former Colonial Dependencies Slave Register Collection, 1812-1834" http://landing.ancestry.co.uk/intl/uk/barbados.aspx
Detailed records of slave ownership
exist from 1812 onwards due to the British Government finally succumbing
to public pressure to stamp out the slave trade, which became illegal in
1807. From 1812, slave owners had to complete a slave register every three years so that the British Government could monitor ownership and stamp out illegal trading. No slave could be bought, sold, conveyed, imported, exported or inherited without first being registered. The registers, the originals for which reside at The National Archives, contain information such as parish, owner and name of slave, approximate age, and in some instances birthplace. In many instances slaves took (or were given) the surname of their owner, and more often than not their age was approximated. The actual ownership of slaves did not become illegal until 1834. This unique and important collection is comprised of registers from 23 colonial dependencies and contains more than 2.7 million names of slaves, and also 280,000 slave owners. The following former colonial dependencies are represented: Country Number of registers Antigua 152,384 Bahamas 60,340 Barbados 530,031 Berbice 60,186 Ceylon 20,553 Dominica 37,610 Grenada 331,622 Honduras 3,844 Jamaica 1,206,994 Mauritius 264,290 Nevis 20,779 St. Christopher 58,099 St. Lucia 23,777 St. Vincent 78,670 Tobago 33,722 Trinidad 65,138 Virgin Islands 32,732 |
Emancipation Day celebration: a three-day
holiday marking the end of slavery in the [Bahamas] former
British
colony in 1834.
Creole slave ship revolt
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/civilwar/03/creole.html
see also "Heroic Slave"
WilliamWylly, Clifton Cay NP, plantation /
archaeological
settlement
http://www.newsouthassoc.com/newsletter16.html
> search for Wylly
and http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/99legacy/11-22-1999.html
- see also here
Publications (source: http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~south/bibs/slavebib#bah)
Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and
Freedom.
Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers; London: James Currey
Publishers,
1991
Saunders, Gail. Bahamian Loyalists and their
Slaves. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1983
Saunders, Gail. Slavery in the Bahamas,
1648-1838.
[Nassau?]: D.G. Saunders, 1985
Saunders, Hartley Cecil. The Other Bahamas. 1st
ed. Nassau, Bahamas: Bodab Publishers, 1991
General
! Black History Quiz (play more than once, there are different sets of questions) http://www.bet.com/blackhistoryquiz/
!! Chronology
On The History Of Slavery And Racism (3rd part: 1830- to the end) http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1830_end.html
(XenuErr)!!
Wikipedia,
Slavery in general, see also comments http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery)
Slavery a peculiar institution (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
historical documents !
African American Odyssee (LOC) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/
South Carolina History, African-Americans http://www.sciway.net/afam/slavery/indexs.html
Encyclopedia of Slavery http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAslavery.htm
Pro-slavery
arguments http://www.assumption.edu/users/lknoles/douglassproslaveryargs.html
and http://www.hutchisonschool.org/home/HotLists/proslav.html
Slave
Resistance
- a Caribbean study (Miami Uni)
http://www.library.miami.edu/archives/slaves/index.html
ARM Africa
Repatriation Movement, linklist re slavery http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/other.html
Sam Farring, sources related to "involuntary
immigration to US" http://web.cocc.edu/hum299/students/sam/webpractice2/samswebliography.htm
Uni Heidelberg - Slavery http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~el6/presentations/pres_c1_african_americans_ws02_03/slavery_start_page.htm
more African Studies links http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/sfbs/sfb-fk560/home-links.html
Discovery Channel "Understanding Slavery" e.g.
"Witness a Slave Auction" http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/slavery/
Juneteenth http://www.juneteenth.com
Constitution of the U.S., Amendments (e.g.
XIII - XV) http://www.archives.gov/national_archives_experience/constitution_amendments_11-27.html
(British) National Archives Exihibition "Black
presence - Asian and black history in Britain 1500-1850 http://www.pro.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/
Paper/Abstracts
from Conference Oct 2003 (University of Basel): Imperial Culture in
Countries
without Colonies: Africa and Switzerland http://www.unibas.ch/afrika/nocolonies/prog.htm
- see especially paper of Hans Faessler
Ida B Wells Statistics on Lynching http://afroamhistory.about.com/library/blidabwells_lynchlawingeorgia1.htm
The Case of Scott Dred http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/text6-16-2004-55541.asp
Segregation
Timeline African Slave Trade & European
Imperialism,
15th - early 19th centuries http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline4.htm
Timeline Anti-Colonialism
& Reconstruction, 19th to mid-20th centuries http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm
Jim Crow Laws http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/history.htm
- http://www.paralegal.net
- on
the front page click the tab "Jim Crow Laws" to get to the article -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
Timeline Segregation in America (movie "George
Wallace") http://alt.tnt.tv/movies/tntoriginals/wallace/seg.time2.html
!! A Black
Perspective of American History http://www.duboislc.org/BlackPerspective/BlackPerspectiveContents.html
Amistad (see
also
Creole)
! USINFO
Amistad Revolt http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/amistad/
Amistad, 1841 US Supreme Court Decision http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/amistad.html
Amistad, various links/sources http://www.amistad.org/
RWOR Rebellions on the High Seas: Untold Stories
of the Slave Trade http://rwor.org/a/v19/940-49/943/revolts.htm
Texts see
also books (e.g. slave narratives,
Douglass, Craft, Harriet A. Jacobs etc.)
Donald Sensing, blog: http://onehandclapping.blogspot.com/2002_05_26_onehandclapping_archive.htmlsearch
for "crab"
Lord Gifford, British Parliament debate "African
reparations" 14th March 1996 http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/LordsHansard.html
Thomas Carlyle http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/texts/carlyle/odnqbk.htm(Karl
Ludwig von Haller, "Restauration")
Lucas J.M. "Exposed Roots", about slave
narratives-
http://indyweek.com/durham/2002-02-27/ae3.html
Harp Stephanie "Stories of a Lynching" http://www.library.umaine.edu/khronikos/html/lynching/lynching.htm
Various slavery/segregation/black history related expressions (which I looked up and listed here because I did not feel familiar enough with them and because other "Continental Europeans" may have the same problem ...)
plantation dilemma/syndrome >
.....
/ Black Codes, (before 1890, after: Jim Crow Laws) "laws passed
by Southern states during Reconstruction which made it unlawful for
African
Americans to live in certain areas and hold certain jobs." http://afroamhistory.about.com/cs/blackcodes
see also Jim Crow Slave Codes "Laws
concerning
the enforcement of racial slavery" - Middle Passage "The
Atlantic
crossing during which enslaved Africans endured inhumanely cramped
unsanitary
conditions", "rite
of the passage" triangular trade > Dreieckshandel Juneteenth
& Middle Passage > Juneteenth - June 19th 1865, Texas =
celebration
of the ending of slavery http://www.juneteenth.com/middlep.htm
and Lembrich,
seminar/links about Middle Passage, see also Wood, J. Taylor "The
Capture of a Slaver" - Uncle Tom Dilemma / Uncle
Tom's
Cabin Syndrome, Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/utc/sitemap.html-
crab
bucket syndrome: Greg Griffin: http://www.greggriffin.com/Editorials/CrabBucket.htm
and +++Article 18.1.03 "Black people and black crab syndrome" Nassau
Guardian - Willie Lynch Speech + comments http://www.freemaninstitute.com/lynch.htm
and http://www.umsl.edu/services/library/blackstudies/narrate.htm
peonage, bondage, serfdom > Leibeigenschaft, serfs = Leibeigene indentured
bondsmen/servant "A person who is legally bound to work for
another
person for a predetermined period of time. In the eighteenth century
this
period of time was often, but not always, seven years" >
Schuldknechtschaft,
mittellose Einwanderer arbeiteten für einen bestimmten Zeitraum (3
- 10 Jahre), um ihre Lebensgrundlage bezahlen zu können /
indentured
slave ... absichtlich falsche Bezeichnung, da es für Sklaven
normalerweise
weder einen Vertrag, noch Lohn oder eine begrenzte "Vertragszeit" gab slavery,
bondage, bondsmanship servitude > sklaverei / slave > a
person held
in servitude as the chattel of another chattel / a
chattel
slave / chattel slavery > "traditional" slavery, like cattle, he or
she
can bought and sold without regard to anything but the owner's interest
in profit", "A moveable item of personal property. [In eighteenth
century
Virginia,] slaves were considered to be chattel property" http://www.hartford-hwp.com/HBHP/exhibit/02/
(slave owner, slave trader) - slaver > a person or ship,
that is
engaged in the trafficking of slaves - ante-bellum, antebellum
(1800-1860) > vorkriegs- (Sezessionskrieg) (Film Review of
"Gone
with the Wind" Sun
Times) - http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA99/diller/mammy/
The Peculiar Institution > Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South,
"the euphemism
Southerners (and some others) adopted when referring to slavery. Many
southerners
disliked the term “slavery” and found ways to make it sound
less harsh
than it really was." (peculiar > eigentümlich, !double meaning:
from
Latin peculiaris/peculium of private property, from pecu/pecus cattle
(thanks
"hm")) buffalo soldiers > Established under a 1866 law
that
authorized the formation of a black infantry, the buffalo soldiers were
a African American regiment in the U.S. Army that served from 1867 to
1896
in the western United States. (Film Reviews of "Glory" Sun
Times / Washington
Post) / Rolling
Stone), very detailed private website http://www.bjmjr.com/civwar/usct.htm
- Black Loyalists, Ethiopian Regiment, Black Pioneers and Guides
> early 1770's, "Those who supported the British became known to
history
as Loyalists, and their many black supporters as the Black Loyalists" http://collections.ic.gc.ca/blackloyalists/story/our_story.htm
- mutiny, revolt, insurrection, upheaval > Aufstand Maroon
> a fugitive black slave of the West Indies and Guiana in the 17th
and
18th centuries; also a descendant of such a slave http://www.jayikislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/burnside1.htm
- petit marronage > the flight of slaves from their masters,
either
singly or in small groups, often for finite periods of time.
grand-marronage
> the formation of independet, permanent communities of
successful
runaways the Moors > one of the Arab and Berber conquerors of
Spain
= die Mauren the color-line > the entity allegedly
separating human
beings by skin color (term used by W.E.B.duBois) see also Jim
Crow The gag rule, in effect in US Congress 1836-44 http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/treasures_of_congress/page_10.html
- manumit, manumission > manumissio, to release from
slavery "The
act of releasing an individual from slavery, usually by the slave
owner"
> Sklaven freilassen UGRR "Underground Rail Road" a study http://www.nps.gov/undergroundrr/contents.htm
- "Jim Crow Laws" > 1876 to 1960s, see above
- supremacists > racist, Verfechter der Vorherrschaft einer
Gruppe
- hireling > Mietling/Lohnarbeiter, someone who hires
himself or
herself out, esp. to do menial (unskilled, low social status) or
unpleasant
tasks. The South (Souther plantation) had slaves, the North (Northern
industry)
hirelings. According to the South, slaves were much better off than
hirelings
because they were given direction, work, food, bed & clothing. Apostle
Paul's Letter to Philemon about Onesimus (Philemon 1:0) > Paul
asks
Philemon to take back Onesimus (a runaway slave) as a beloved
brother.
e.g.: ccel-website
Ham > youngest son of Noah +++Article "From Noah's Curse
to
Slavery's Rationale" NYT
2.3.03 - "The catholic church and slavery" catholiceducation.com
amalgamationists > were said to advocate intermarriage between
black
and white people or, failing that, to favor uninhibited sexual
relations
between them (Amalgam > a mixture of different elements). Misceganists
(to mix genes, race-mixers, desegregationists), miscegenation =
marriage
or cohabitation between a white person and a member of another race Mulatto/Quadroon/Octoroon/Quintroon
>
a child of white and black/mulatto/quadroon/octoroon parent Racial
reconciliation
> Versöhnung der Rassen Minstrel Show > http://www.musicals101.com/minstrel.htm
and e.g. Wikipedia-
suffrage
> Wahlrecht disfranchise/disenfranchise > entrechten >
to deprive
of a privilege, an immunity, or a right of citizenship, especially the
right to vote separate but equal > Jim
Crow
Sharecropping: (1866-1955) Landless farmers contracted to work the
land for a share of the crop as their wages, using the remaining shares
to pay rent and supplies > Jim Crow Debt
Peonage
using the debts incurred by sharecroppers for supplies to bind them to
the land and thus control their movements and greatly restrict their
freedom.
> Jim Crow "dissembling"-tactics,
psychological
ploy in which blacks assumed positions and the appearances of
non-confrontation.
> Jim Crow Mound Bayou (Isaiah
Montgomery)
> Jim Crow and http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~aloung/mbayou.html
the Tuskegee Machine (Booker T Washington), school system based
upon the theory that blacks should avoid politics or crossing the color
line socially separating the races, also called called the industrial
model of vocational education (male students studied carpentry,
printing,
brick-making, and agricultural economics, while females took courses in
domestic skills such as laundry, sewing, and cooking.) Liberal arts
model (general knowledge and intellectual skills) was favoured by
schools
supported by churches, missionary organizations, northern
philanthropists.> Jim
Crow (definitions come from various sources, another interesting glossary http://johnbrownsbody.net/Glossary.htm) Bozal / Ladino / Creole see here for Gullah, Ebonics, Taino, etc. |
Sankofa
Sankofa is the name of a mythical bird of the Akan people of Central Ghana. This bird is represented as moving forward, while simultaneously looking back. The literal translation of Sankofa is: "It is not a taboo to repossess something you forgot in the past." It is also translated as: "In order to move successfully into the future, one must look back to the past." In other words, the past must serve as a guide to the future. []Sankofa bird: It is a powerful symbol which carries a clear message to people of African descent everywhere: "We must go back and reclaim our past so we can move forward; so we can understand why and how we came to be who we are today." For us Africans in the Diaspora, both those born on the continent and those born here in North America, Sankofa is a constant reminder of our roots. It offers a bond of unity between continental Africans and their cousins in all the four corners of the world. Source: sankofanews |
Welcome - Index/Site Map/Acronyms - Non-English - Tourism - Official/Gov - Transport - Economy/Living/Working - Culture - History - Society - Science/Weather - Activities - Media/Voices -Islands/Misc - FAQ - Internal | ![]() ![]() ![]() |